水保所知识产出(1956---)知识库

间作是世界范围内提高和保持粮食产量稳定性的最有效措施之一。以往有关间作的
研究主要集中在充分灌水和平地大水漫灌条件下，虽然提高了产量，但不利于水资源可
持续利用，影响了农业生产系统的稳定性。针对以上问题，本研究将沟灌节水模式引入
间作复合群体，提出了“间作垄沟灌溉种植模式”，简称“垄沟间作”。于 2010 年 4 月~9
月春播作物生长季和 2010 年 7 月~11 月夏播作物生长季进行大田试验，以玉米和大豆作
为供试材料，在春播 405mm(W1)、270mm(W2)和 135mm 灌水量(W3 ) 、夏播 180mm(W1)、
90mm(W2)和 0mm(W3)灌水量下设 105cm 垄沟间作(RF105 ) 、90cm 垄沟间作(RF90)、
75cm 垄沟间作(RF75)、60cm 垄沟间作(RF60)、传统间作(TI ) 、玉米单作(SM ) 和大豆单
作(SS)7 个种植方式，研究间作垄沟灌溉模式对农田土壤水分动态和耗水特征、作物光
合生态生理特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE ) 的影响。初步得出如下主要研究结果：
1）垄沟间作在作物生育前期增大了土壤蒸发量，明显降低播种~玉米拔节期/大豆
花芽分化期 0-40cm 土壤含水量，其中以 RF60 较平作下降幅度最大。在作物生育后期，
垄沟间作有利于抑制蒸发，促进蒸腾，在水分充足时将将更多的水分保蓄在土层中，在
缺水时，通过尽可能的消耗土壤贮水而为作物多供水。
2）不同地表操作和栽培措施明显影响土壤水分在各层次之间的一致性。随着灌水
量降低，垄沟间作各处理不同土层水分之间的一致性增强；在相同灌水处理下，RF75
各土层土壤水分变化之间一致性较好，有利于外来水分的入渗和农田水分的保蓄。
3）灌水量对生育期总耗水量影响显著，种植方式间总耗水量无明显差异。随灌水
量减少，农田总耗水量以及灌水占农田总耗水量的比例显著降低，降雨和土壤贮水消耗
量占农田总耗水量的比例显著升高。春季作物 135mm 灌水和夏季作物不灌溉条件下垄
沟间作能通过对土壤水分的充分利用尽可能的较少产量损失。棵间蒸发占蒸散量的比例
(E/ET)随灌水量减少而降低。垄沟间作显著降低 E/ET，在 W1、W2、W3 下较传统间作
分别降低 7.14%和 7.35、11.83%。特别是 RF90 和 RF75 在生育后期较 TI 明显降低 E/ET，
增加农田耗水的有效性。
4）全生育期内，W2 玉米叶片水分利用效率较 W1 和 W3 分别平均提高 9.37%和
2.82%。在 W1、W2 和 W3 灌水量下分别以 RF75、RF90 和 RF75 叶片 WUE 最大，较
TI 处理分别提高 15.66%、27.46%和 21.77%。大豆叶片水分利用效率在 W2 和 W3 灌水下分别较 W1 下提高 33.62%和 46.71%。间作处理提高大豆功能叶 WUE，其中，在 W2
和 W3 灌水下，RF90 和 RF75 叶片水平 WUE 较 TI 明显提高。W1 灌水下，垄沟间作较
TI 对提高作物水分利用效率效果不明显，甚至有所降低。
5）不同灌水量和种植方式对复合群体作物总产量影响显著。玉米//大豆垄沟间作春
播作物在 W2 下增产效果最好、夏播 W3 增产效果最好。间作较 SM 减产，但较 SS 明
显增产。适宜的垄沟间作处理土地当量比(LER)较 TI 显著提高，尤其是 RF75，较 TI 平
均提高 9.86%，增产效应最大。通过土地当量比与垄宽之间的相关关系发现垄沟间作条
件下，在 W1、W2 和 W3 灌水条件下，当垄宽分别为 85.07cm、75.87cm 和 72.71cm 时，
春季作物可以获得最大的增产潜力，当垄宽分别为 95.63cm、74.91cm 和 71.5cm 时，夏
季作物可以获得最大的增产潜力。而且，垄沟间作和传统间作相比，能够通过转化农田
组分之间的竞争关系而获得更高的产量。
6）春播作物 W1、W2 和 W3 下间作系统的平均 WUE 分别为 9.95kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 、12.93
kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 和 14.34 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 ，分别较 SM 降低 28.26%、23.67%和 28.18%，较 SS
升高 239.43%、168.38%和 189.02%。夏播作物间作系统平均水分利用效率在 W1、W2、
W3 下分别较 SM 降低 13.87%、13.95%和-4.83%，较 SS 升高 234.73%、189.36%和
185.15%。RF75 处理 WUE 较 SM 降低幅度最小较 SS 增加幅度最大，节水优势明显。
回归分析表明，在 W1、W2 和 W3 灌水下，垄沟间作分别在 85.17cm、77.16cm 和 79.33cm
垄宽下可以取得最大的水分利用效率。
关键词：间作；垄沟灌溉；土壤含水量；产量；水分利用效率；玉米；大豆

Intercropping system is one of the most effective practices to preserve and enchance the
sustainability of grain yield in worldwide. There are many precious studies on intercropping
systems, which have improved grain yield greatly, but those practices would do harm to the
sustainable utilization of water resources, which have affected the the stabilization of
agricultural production system. Based on the problem discussed above, we cooperated
intercropping models into furrow irrigation and proposed a new plant technique called ridge
and furrow irrigated intercropping(RFII) system. Field experiments (using maize and soybean
as indicator crops) were conducted in the experimental station of Institute of Water-saving
Agriculture  in  Arid  Areas  of  China(IWSA),  Northwest  A ＆ F  University
(108°04 E,34°20 N) during the spring planted crop growth duration (from April to  ˊ ˊ
Suptember, 2010) and summer planted crop growth duration (from July to November, 2010).
In order to investigate the effects of RFII system, the experiment comprised soil water
dynamics, crop water consumption, eco-physiological characteristics and the yield and water
use efficiency under two experimental factors, which are irrigation quato and plant model,
respectively. The irrigation quato was set three levels which are 405mm (W1), 270mm(W2)
and 135mm(W3) in spring planted crop growth duration and 180mm (W1), 90mm(W2) and 0
(W3) in summer planted crop growth duration, respectively. The plant models were
conventional flat practice including sole maize(SM), sole soybean(SS) and traditional maize
and soybean intercropping system (TI), and ridge and furrow planting system including
RF105, RF90, RF75 and RF60 (furrow width was all 60cm and ridge width was 105cm, 90cm,
75cm and 60cm respectively). The main results showed as follows:
1）RFII system decreased soil water content compared with that of conventional practice
(TI, SM and SS) in 0~40cm soil layer before the maize jointing stage/soybean flower bud
differentiation stage. In maize flowering stage/soybean podding and blossom stage, soil water
content has a larger amplitude of decrease in RFII system compared with that in conventional
flat practice in spring planted crop growth duration. RFII system was helpful to soil water  reservation in summer planted crop growth duration.
2）Different soil surface management and cultivation significantly affected the soil moisture
uniformity between soil moisture of different soil layers. Soil moisture uniformity in RFII
system increased with the decrease of irrigation quato. Soil moisture uniformity in RF75 was
the highest at the same irrigation level, which was helpful for the external water infiltration
and soil moisture conservation.
3）Irrigation quato has significant effects on total crop water consumption, plant models,
however, has little effect. With the decrease of irrigation quato, total water consumption
decreased and the ratios of precipitation and soil water consumption to total crop water
consumption increased significantly. RFII under W2 irrigation quato in spring planted crop
duration and W3 n summer planted crop duration could reduce yield loss ceused by water
shortage as far as possible by making full use of the soil moisture.The ratio of soil
evaporation to evaportraspiration(E/ET) decreased with the decrease of irrigation quota. E/ET
in RFII system decrease by 7.14%, 7.35 and 11.83% compared with that in TI under W1, W2
and W3 respectively. RFII system could decrease E/ET in the later of crop growth duration,
especially for RF90 and RF75, which could increase the valibility of field water consumption.
4）Mean leaf instantaneous WUE under W2 increased by 9.37% and 2.82%, compared
with that under W1 and W3, respectively. Leaf instantaneous WUE of RF75 under W1 , RF90
under W2 and RF75 under W3 was the largest in the corresponding irrigation amount, which
increased by 15.66%, 27.46% and 21.77% compared with that of TI1, respectively. Leaf
instantaneous WUE was also increased by intercropping system. Leaf instantaneous WUE of
RF90 and RF75 under W2 and W3 was obviously higher than that of TI. Under W1, leaf
instantaneous WUE in RFII system even declined.
5）Irrigation and plant models effected crop yield in interopping system significantly. In
spring planted and summer planted, mean crop yield in W2 and W3 was the largest,
respectively. Total yield in intercropping system decreased compared with that in SM and
increased significantly compared with that in SS. RF75 was the best treatment because of the
smallest yield decrease amplitude and the largest yield increase amplitude. Proper RFII
system could increase LER siggnificantly, especially for RF75, yield increasing effect was the
most significant. Correlation analysis between LER and ridge width showed that the yield
increasing effects was the largest when ridge width was 85.07cm, 75.87cm and 72.71cm in
spring planted crop growth duration and 95.63cm, 74.91cm and 71.5cm in summer planted
crop growth duration under W1, W2 and W3, respectively.
6) For spring planted crops, water use efficiency(WUE) in intercropping system was 9.95
kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 ,12.93 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 and 14.34 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 which decreased by 28.26%,  23.67% and 28.18% compared with that in SM and increased by 239.43%, 168.38% and
189.02% compared with that in SS, under W1, W2 and W3, respectively. For summer planted
crops, mean WUE in intercropping system decreased by 13.87%, 13.95% and -4.83%
compared with that in SM and increased by 234.73%, 189.36% and 185.15% compared with
that in SS, under W1, W2 and W3, respectively. RF75 was the best treatment because of the
smallest WUE decrease amplitude compared with that of SM and the largest WUE increase
amplitude compared with that of SS. Correlation analysis between LER and ridge width
showed that WUE was the highest when ridge width was 85.17cm, 77.16cm and 79.33cm
under W1, W2 and W3, respectively.
Key words: intercrpping; ridge-furrow irrgation; soil water content；yield; water use
efficiency; maize; soybean