| 摘要 | 残膜污染已成为危害农田生态系统的重要因子, 不仅阻碍土壤水分和养分运移, 而且影响作物生长。
为探明残膜对不同生育期番茄生长的影响规律, 采用小区试验方法, 设置0 kg·hm-2、80 kg·hm-2、160 kg·hm-2、
320 kg·hm-2、640 kg·hm-2 和1 280 kg·hm-2 共6 种不同残膜量水平, 研究残膜量对番茄苗期和开花坐果期的根系
特征、地上部生长和干物质积累的影响, 并采用Logistic 生长模型定量分析残膜对番茄养分积累始盛期、高峰
期和盛末期的影响。结果表明, 残膜阻碍了番茄苗期和开花坐果期根系的生长, 根体积、根长密度和根干质量
密度均随残膜量增加而降低; 随着残膜量增加, 苗期和开花坐果期的株高和茎粗均呈减小趋势, 且株高和茎
粗的增长速率逐渐降低。番茄养分积累的始盛期和高峰期随残膜量增加而提前, 番茄追肥的最佳时期也应提
前。在番茄苗期和开花坐果期, 根系、茎秆、花和幼果的干物质量均随残膜量增加而减少, 而叶片的干物质量
呈递增趋势。残膜对番茄苗期根系、地上部生长和干物质积累的阻碍作用高于开花坐果期。由此可见, 残膜
对番茄苗期的危害强于开花坐果期, 且干物质积累的始盛期和高峰期均随残膜量增加而提前, 加强番茄苗期
水肥管理和提前水肥施加时间是减轻残膜危害的有利措施。 |
| 其他摘要 | Although plastic film mulching is critical for crop production, its widespread use has produced a great deal of residual
plastic film and destroyed soil structure, damaged the physical structure of soil and seriously impeded the movement of
soil water and solute as well as crop growth. In order to determine the negative effects of residual plastic film on growth of
tomato (Lycopersicon esculeutum Miller.) at seedling and blooming and fruit-setting stages, plot experiment was conducted
with different amounts of residual plastic film in 2015–2016 in a solar greenhouse of the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil
and Water Engineering in Arid Areas (108°02′E, 34°17′N). Six treatments, including residual plastic film amounts of 0 kg·hm-2,
80 kg·hm-2, 160 kg·hm-2, 320 kg·hm-2, 640 kg·hm-2 and 1 280 kg·hm-2, were set in triplicate plots. The total area of plot filed
was 75.6 m2 (6.0 m × 12.6 m) with three replications for each treatment, with each micro-plot size of 1.0 m 4.2 m. The height
and stem diameter of the tomato plants were collected during the period from October 2015 to January 2016 and analyzed and
then fitted with nonlinear Logistic models to determine the effects of residual plastic film on the biomass accumulation atseedling stage, blooming and fruit-setting stage of tomato. During the experiment, root morphological characteristics, plant
height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation of the tomato plants were measured. The results showed that residual plastic
film hindered the growth of tomato root at both seedling and blooming and fruit-setting stages. Root volume, root length density
and root dry weight density decreased with increasing residual plastic film amount. In addition, as the amount of plastic
film residue increased, plant height and stem diameter decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Besides, the rates of increase in plant
height and stem diameter decreased with increasing residual plastic film amount. Logistic model accurately simulated the
growth process of tomato in fields with residual plastic film less than 1 280 kg·hm-2 (R2 > 0.87). As the amount of residual
plastic film increased, beginning period and full period of tomato biomass accumulation was ahead of time. This implied that
the suitable time of fertilization of tomato should be brought forward. Overall, biomass accumulation decreased for the whole
tomato growth period. Contrary to biomass accumulation of leaf, that of root, stem, flower and young fruit decreased with
increasing residual plastic film amount. The hindering effects of residual plastic film on tomato growth and dry matter accumulation
at seedling stage were higher than at blooming and fruit-setting stage. The early period and middle period of tomato
biomass accumulation all occurred in advanced. In summary, strengthening water and fertilizer management at seedling stage
and bringing forward the application of fertilizer and irrigation were recommended as the proper measures to weaken the detrimental
effects of residual plastic film on tomato. |
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