水保所知识产出(1956---)知识库

【 目的】研究有机肥氮替代化肥氮对盐渍化农田土壤水盐特性及作物生长的影响，为河套灌区盐渍化农
田作物生产的高质量发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。【 方法】本研究针对河套灌区重度盐渍土于 2019—2020 年
开展连续 2 年的田间试验。在同一施氮量 (N 180 kg/hm 2 ) 下，设置不施有机肥 (OF0) 及有机肥氮分别替代化肥氮
施用量的 50% (OF1) 和 100% (OF2) 处理，以不施肥为对照 (CK)。测定不同时期土壤容重、质量含水率及饱和
浸提液电导率 (ECe)，同时在向日葵收获后测定籽粒产量及产量性状。【 结果】有机替代可以降低土壤容重和
提高土壤孔隙度，经过两年的田间试验后，OF1 和 OF2 处理 0—40 cm 土层土壤容重分别为 1.46 和 1.43 g/cm 3 ，
较 2019 年播种前分别降低了 3.97% 和 5.92%，土壤孔隙度较 2019 年播种前分别提高了 4.94% 和 7.90% (P<
0.05)。有机替代显著改善盐渍土水盐特性，OF1 和 OF2 处理显著提高了土壤含水率，OF1 处理土壤含水率分别
较 OF0、OF2 和 CK 提高了 5.34%、3.65% 和 10.55% (P< 0.05)。两季向日葵生育末期 OF2 处理 0—100 cm 土层
土壤 ECe 均值为 6.77 dS/m，分别较 OF0、OF1 处理降低了 44.10%、11.61% (P < 0.05)。有机替代提高了向日葵
籽粒产量及水分利用效率，OF1 处理较 OF0、OF2 和 CK 分别增产 9.47%、7.52% 和 62.90% (P < 0.05)，分别提
高净收益 7.02%、23.12% 和 65.00% (P < 0.05)；OF1 处理水分利用效率较 OF0、OF2 和 CK 分别提高了
17.50%、9.52% 和 73.82% (P < 0.05)。此外，OF1 处理较 OF0 与 OF2 处理显著提高了氮素偏生产力和氮素农学
效率 (P < 0.05)。【 结论】有机肥替代化肥能够改良河套灌区重度盐渍土土壤结构，改善作物根区土壤水盐环
境，提高产量及水氮利用效率。但是有机肥全部替代化学氮肥降低了向日葵的生产效益，也没有显著提高向日
葵的水肥利用效率。在当前推荐的氮磷钾肥基础上 (N 180 kg/hm 2 )，有机肥氮替代 50% 化肥氮在河套灌区重度
盐渍土上是可行的施肥措施。

【Objectives】The effects of different organic fertilizer ratios in total nutrient input on improving soil
fertility and crop growth in heavily salinized farmland were studied for efficient and sustainable agriculturalproduction in Hetao Irrigation District.【Methods】A two-year field experiment was conducted from 2019 to
2020 in high salinity soil in Hetao Irrigation District, taking sunflower as test crop. On the basis of recommended
total N input (180 kg/hm 2 ) for sunflower, organic fertilizer was used to replace chemical N by ratio of 0 (OF0),
50% (OF1) and 100% (OF2) respectively, while no fertilizer was taken as control (CK). The soil bulk density,
moisture content and electrical conductivity of saturated extract (ECe) were measured before the experiment and
during the main growth stages of sunflower in 2019 and 2020. The seed yields and yield traits of sunflower were
measured at harvest.【Results】Application of organic fertilizers reduced soil bulk density and increased soil
porosity significantly. After harvest in 2020, the soil bulk density of 0−40 cm depth treated with OF1 and OF2
was 1.46 and 1.43 g/cm 3 , respectively, which were 3.97% and 5.92% lower than that before sowing in 2019. The
soil porosity was 4.94% and 7.90% higher than that before sowing in 2019 (P < 0.05). Organic fertilizer
significantly increased the water storage and decreased ECe values of saline soil. The soil water content in OF1
was 5.34%, 3.65%, and 10.55% higher than in OF0, OF2 and CK, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean ECe of
0−100 cm depth at harvest of the two growing seasons in OF2 was 6.77 dS/m, which was 44.10% and 11.61%
lower than those in OF0 and OF1, respectively (P < 0.05). The seed yield under OF1 was 9.47%, 7.52%, and
62.90% higher than that in OF0, OF2 and CK, respectively (P < 0.05). The net income was 7.02%, 23.11%, and
65.00% higher than that in OF0, OF2 and CK, respectively (P < 0.05). The water use efficiency was 17.50%,
9.52%, and 73.82% higher than that in OF0, OF2 and CK, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, OF1 significantly
increased the partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen compared with OF0 and
OF2 (P < 0.05). OF2 and OF0 had similar yield and water use efficiency, but OF2 had lower fertilizer efficiency
and net income compared with OF0. 【Conclusions】Organic fertilizer could improve soil structure and decrease
salt content of high salinity soil, ameliorate soil water and salt environment in root zone. However, organic
fertilizer could substitute about 50%，not 100% of chemical fertilizers for high sunflower yield, water and
nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of high salinity soils in Hetao Irrigation District.