水保所知识产出(1956---)知识库

在脆弱的自然环境和强烈的煤矿开采活动共同影响下，黄土高原以榆神府矿区为核
心的生态脆弱带土壤侵蚀极其严重。虽然退耕还林(草)工程的持续实施有效缓解甚至遏制
了土壤侵蚀，煤矿开采却引发了新的问题，改变了小流域侵蚀产沙特征。本研究在该区域选
择代表性坝控小流域———老爷满小流域，运用复合指纹识别法判别淤地坝沉积泥沙来源，旨
在揭示退耕还林(草)和煤矿开采对榆神府矿区典型小流域侵蚀产沙特征的影响;从已建立的
坝地运行期间的沉积旋回时间序列中选取退耕还林(草)之前 10 年(1990—1999 年)和之后
10 年(2000—2010 年)，对比分析源地对坝地沉积泥沙的贡献差异及其变化特征。结果表明:
2000—2010 年沉积旋回的年均厚度由 1990—1999 年的(42．7±29．9) cm 减小到(16．6±13．7)
cm，坝地采样点单位面积年均沉积量由 579．9 kg·m
－2
减少到 245．8 kg·m
－2
。研究期间小流
域首要泥沙源地均为沟壁(平均贡献为 79．2%±10．1%)，但与 1990—1999 年相比，2000—2010
年间受退耕还林(草)工程影响较大的坡面对坝地沉积泥沙的贡献率呈现增加趋势，年均贡献
增加 7．4%。结合区域的降雨和煤矿开采情况，上述现象表明在退耕还林(草)和降雨侵蚀力
减小的共同影响下，流域的侵蚀产沙强度总体明显减弱;煤矿开采对坡面侵蚀产沙有重要的
影响，导致退耕还林(草)对坡面水土流失的防治效果受到明显的影响。由此可见，煤矿开采
增加了坡面的侵蚀产沙风险，受煤矿开采影响的区域是坡面水土流失治理的重点区域。

 Soil erosion in the ecologically fragile zone is severely affected by the intensified coal
mining activities in the Yushenfu Mining Region of the Loess Plateau． Soil erosion controlling pro-
jects such as the “Grain for Green”program are continuously implemented by the government，
which has effectively mitigated or even controlled soil erosion． Coal mining results in new environ-
mental problems，which has changed the erosion characteristics and sediment transport in water-
sheds． In this study，we identified the sediment source trapped behind the check dam using a com-
posite fingerprinting approach and clarified the impact of“Grain for Green”program and coal min-
ing on variation of the amount and sources of sediment during two decades，in a representative
check-dam which controlled the watershed of Laoyeman． The two decades were divided into two sta-
ges，i．e． an earlier decade (1990－1999) and a later decade (2000－2010) with respect to the
implement of the“Grain for Green”program in the flood couplets sequence established during the
running of the dam． The annual average thickness of flood couplets during 2000－2010 decreasefrom (42．7±29．9) cm to (16．6±13．7) cm during 1990－1999，and the annual sediment deposition
per unit area (square meter) at the sampling site reduced from 579．9 kg·m
－2
to 245．8 kg·m
－2
．
The main source of sediment was gully wall (averaged 79．2%±10．1%) during the study period．
However，compared with sediment sources during 1990－1999，the contribution of sediment from
slope during 2000－2010，which was greatly affected by the“Grain for Green”program，showed an
increasing trend (average annual contribution increased by 7．4%)． According to the coaling mining
and the variation of rainfall erosivity，our results indicated that under the combined effects of the
“Grain for Green”program and decreases of rainfall erosivity，the intensity of sediment production
in the watershed was substantially decreased． Coal mining had important impacts on sediment contri-
bution from the slope，and obviously affected soil erosion controlling effects of the “Grain for
Green”program． It is obvious that coal mining has increased the risk of erosion and sediment pro-
duction on the slope，and that soil erosion control on the slope should focus on areas affected by
coal mining．